Grief - BRIEF clone Latest BETA now available. See README.txt for details GRIEF is a full-featured console based editor offering a wealth of facilities on multiple Unix, Windows and Mac platforms. It edits plain text files and has numerous options depending on the type of work you are doing. Choose the voice of your Mac. You can select from a variety of different computer voices, including male or female. Choose your preferred voice by going back to System Preferences, click 'Speech,' then click on the 'Text to Speech' tab. Click on the System Voice drop-down menu to select a different voice.

A READMEfile contains information about other files in a directory or archive of computer software. A form of documentation, it is usually a simple plain text file called Read Me, READ.ME,^[1]README.TXT,^[2][1]README.md^[1] (for a text file using markdown markup), README.1ST^[1] – or simply README.^[1]

The file's name is generally written in uppercase letters. On Unix-like systems in particular this makes it easily noticed – both because lowercase filenames are more common, and because traditionally the ls command sorts and displays files in ASCII-code order, so that uppercase filenames appear first.^{[nb 1]}

Contents[edit]

The contents typically include one or more of the following:

• Configuration instructions
• Installation instructions
• Operating instructions
• A file manifest (list of files included)
• Copyright and licensing information
• Contact information for the distributor or programmer
• Known bugs^[3]
• Troubleshooting^[3]
• Credits and acknowledgments
• A changelog (usually for programmers)
• A news section (usually for users)

History[edit]

It is unclear when the convention began, but there are examples dating back to the mid 1970s.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9][1][better source needed]} Early Macintosh system software installed a Read Me on the startup disk, and they commonly accompanied third-party software.

In particular, there is a long history of free software and open-source software including a README file; in fact it is a requirement in the GNU Coding Standards.^{[10][better source needed]}

Since the advent of the web as a de facto standard platform for software distribution, many software packages have moved (or occasionally, copied) some of the above ancillary files and pieces of information to a website or wiki, sometimes including the README itself, or sometimes leaving behind only a brief README file without all of the information required by a new user of the software.

In more recent times, the popular GitHub proprietary Git repository^[11] strongly encourages a README file - if one is included in the main (top-level) directory, it is automatically presented on the main web page. While traditional plain text is supported, various different file extensions and formats are also supported,^[12] and conversion to HTML takes account of the file extension of the file – in particular a 'README.md' file would be treated as a GitHub Flavored Markdown file.

As a generic term[edit]

The expression 'readme file' is also sometimes used generically, for files with a similar purpose.^{[citation needed]} For example, the source code distributions of many free software packages, especially those following the Gnits Standards or those produced with GNU Autotools, include a standard set of readme files:

Other files commonly distributed with software include a FAQ and a TODO file listing possible future changes.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^This is often no longer the case – but LC_ALL=C ls will show the older behavior.

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdefAbdelhafith, Omar (2015-08-13). 'README.md: History and Components'. Archived from the original on 2020-01-25. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
2. ^Raymond, Eric Steven (1996). The New Hacker's Dictionary. MIT Press. pp. 378–79. ISBN978-0-26268092-9. Hacker's-eye introduction traditionally included in the top-level directory of a Unix source distribution, containing a pointer to more detailed documentation, credits, miscellaneous revision history, notes, etc. […] When asked, hackers invariably relate the README convention to the famous scene in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures In Wonderland in which Alice confronts magic munchies labeled 'Eat Me' and 'Drink Me'.
3. ^ ^abManes, Stephen (November 1996). 'README? Sure--before I buy!'. PC World. 14 (11): 366.
4. ^'PDP-10 Archive: decus/20-0079/readme.txt from decus_20tap3_198111'. pdp-10.trailing-edge.com. 1974-11-27. Retrieved 2018-03-03. [README.TXT is the DOC file for SPICE/SINC/SLIC] This failsafe tape contains the circuit analysis programs SPICE SINC and SLIC described in the Applications Software Bulletin Volume 4. requirements: SPICE requires FORTRAN-10 version 4 because of its use of Right adjusted Holerith data. Executes in about 47K. […] it also includes this file, the FOROTS to go with the SAVes and the source for SECOND.MAC, the timing routine. SPICE is broken into three parts: 1SPICE.FOR, 2 and 3. There is a printed document to describe each of the programs. These are included in the DECUS packet. The documentation and programs were origionally developed by the E.E. department of the Univ. of Calif. at Berkeley on a CDC 6400. Except to convert the FORTRAN to the DECsystem-10 no changes have been made to the programs. For the test data SLIC and SINC have shown a slight variation with respect to the 6400, SPICE shows no variation. Good luck! Ashley Grayson 27-NOV-74 [end of README.TXT]
5. ^'DECUS 10-LIB-4 Contains 10-210 through 10-241, except 10-223'. pdp-10.trailing-edge.com. 1975-03-27. Retrieved 2018-03-03. The files on this FAILSAFE tape constitute the UCI LISP system. They are for the most part documented in the UCI LISP Manual, available from the Department of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine, California.[1]
6. ^'Programmer's Workbench /sys/source/lex/README'. July 1977. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
7. ^'Unix 7th edition /usr/doc/README'. 1979. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
8. ^'First 32bit BSD usr/doc/README'. March 1980. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
9. ^Langemeier, Jeff (2011-07-29). 'Re: Origin of README'. Retrieved 2020-01-25 – via Stackexchange. […] they had READMEs (actual physical printed files) for all of their punch cards and mag tape and pretty much anything else that was a 'program'. At that time you really needed one because of the labourous process that was involved with getting the created, ran, and everything else. These READMEs sometimes also included the actual printouts of how the punch cards were supposed to be punched as a form of error checking and debugging. The convention apparently also follows the old system in that with all the punch cards a 'reem' of paper was attached with the statement README in caps printed on it, this had all of the instructions for use and loading of the punch cards into the system. For a time reference, this would have been in the 60s. […]
10. ^'GNU Coding Standards: Releases'. www.gnu.org. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
11. ^'Code-sharing site Github turns five and hits 3.5 million users, 6 million repositories'. TheNextWeb.com. 2013-04-11. Retrieved 2013-04-11.
12. ^'Markup'. GitHub. GitHub. 2014-12-25. Retrieved 2015-02-08.

Readme Txt Download Mac

Further reading[edit]

• Johnson, Mark (1997-02-01). 'Building a Better ReadMe'. Technical Communication. Society for Technical Communication. 44 (1): 28–36. JSTOR43089849.[2][3]
• Rescigno, Jeanne (August 1997). 'Hypertext good choice for README files'. Technical Communication. Society for Technical Communication. 44 (3): 214. JSTOR43089876.
• Livingston, Brian (1998-09-14). 'Check your Readme files to avoid common Windows problems'. InfoWorld. Vol. 20 no. 37. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 34. Archived from the original on 2006-11-18. Retrieved 2019-06-04.[4]
• Benjamin, Andrew (1996-09-15) [1993]. Written at Department of Philosophy, University of Warwick, UK. Guédon, Jean-Claude (ed.). 'Readme: Writing Notes - Meditations on the temporality of writing'. Surfaces (Electronic journal) (in English and French). Université de Montréal, Montreal (Quebec), Canada: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. III (12): 1–12. ISSN1188-2492. Archived from the original on 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2019-06-04.[5]

This article is based in part on the Jargon File, which is in the public domain.

This last month we have seen a new ransomware for Mac. Written in Swift, it is distributed on BitTorrent distribution site as “Patcher” for pirating popular software.

Crypto-ransomware has been very popular lately amongst cybercriminals. While most of it targets the Windows desktop, we’ve also seen machines running Linux or macOS being compromised by ransomware in 2016 with, for example, KillDisk affecting Linux and KeRanger attacking OS X.

Early last week, we have seen a new ransomware campaign for Mac. This new ransomware, written in Swift, is distributed via BitTorrent distribution sites and calls itself “Patcher”, ostensibly an application for pirating popular software.

Figure 1 – BitTorrent site distributing Torrent files containing OSX/Filecoder.E

The Torrent contains a single ZIP file – an application bundle. We saw two different fake application “Patchers”: one for Adobe Premiere Pro and one for Microsoft Office for Mac. Mind you, our search was not exhaustive; there might be more out there.

Figure 2 – Icons of the “Patchers” as seen in Finder

The application is generally poorly coded. The window has a transparent background, which can be quite distracting or confusing (see Figure3), and it’s impossible to reopen the window if it is closed.

The application has the bundle identifier NULL.prova and is signed with a key that has not been signed by Apple.

Readme.txt Mac

So far, there is no transaction related to the Bitcoin wallet. Which mean the authors have not made a dime from this ransomware. Hopefully this post will raise awareness and keep the wallet’s balance at zero.

There is one big problem with this ransomware: it doesn’t have any code to communicate with any C&C server. This means that there is no way the key that was used to encrypt the files can be sent to the malware operators.

This also means that there is no way for them to provide a way to decrypt a victim’s files. Paying the ransom in this case will not bring you back your files. That’s one of the reasons we advise that victims never pay the ransom when hit by ransomware.

Alas, the random ZIP password is generated with arc4random_uniform which is considered a secure random number generator. The key is also too long to brute force in a reasonable amount of time.

Interestingly, the email address is an address provided by Mailinator. Mailinator provides a free inbox to anyone without requiring them to register or authenticate. This means it is possible to see the inbox used to communicate with the malware author. We’ve been monitoring this inbox for the last week and didn’t see any messages. However, it’s possible the messages get deleted really fast and we simply missed them.

This new crypto-ransomware, designed specifically for macOS, is surely not a masterpiece. Unfortunately, it’s still effective enough to prevent the victims accessing their own files and could cause serious damage.

There is an increased risk when downloading pirated software that someone is using a dubious channel for acquiring software in order to make you execute malware. ESET recommends that you have a security product installed but the most important precaution in case you encounter crypto-ransomware is to have a current, offline, backup of all your important data.

ESET products detect this threat as OSX/Filecoder.E.

Readme Txt Template